Servo motor is a precision equipment widely used in automation control systems, and its working principle mainly achieves high-precision position, speed, and torque control through feedback mechanism. Servo motors are typically used in conjunction with sensors that can monitor the actual operating status of the motor in real time and provide feedback to the controller.
- Composition of servo motor system
The servo motor system mainly consists of three parts: the motor body, the driver, and the control circuit:
1) Motor body: It is the executing mechanism that realizes mechanical motion. The rotor of a servo motor is usually made of permanent magnet material, and the U/V/W three-phase electricity controlled by the driver forms an electromagnetic field. The rotor rotates under the action of this magnetic field. At the same time, the built-in encoder of the motor will provide real-time feedback of the motor’s position information to the driver.
2) Driver: It is the core control component of servo motors. It receives command signals from the control circuit and adjusts the speed and position of the motor based on these signals. The driver adjusts the output current by comparing the difference between the actual position fed back by the encoder and the target position, thereby achieving precise control of the motor.
3) Control circuit: responsible for generating control signals that tell the servo system what position, speed, or direction to move. The control circuit is also responsible for monitoring the operating status of the motor to ensure that it operates under safe and stable conditions.
- Working principle of servo motor
The working principle of servo motors determines their characteristics of high precision, high speed, and high dynamic response. When receiving a control signal, the internal driver of the motor will drive the motor to rotate according to the signal requirements, while the encoder monitors the motor position in real time, forming a closed-loop control. This closed-loop control enables servo motors to have high stability and control accuracy. Specifically, the working principle of servo motors can be divided into the following steps:
1) Position feedback: Use position sensors (such as encoders) to obtain the actual position information of the motor and feed it back to the control system.
2) Controller calculation: The control system compares the actual position information feedback with the target position information to calculate the control instructions that the motor should execute.
3) Current control: According to the control instructions, the controller adjusts the current output to the motor driver through PWM (pulse width modulation) and other methods, thereby controlling the speed and position of the motor.
- Characteristics of servo motors
1) High precision: Due to the use of closed-loop control, servo motors have high positioning and control accuracy.
2) High speed: The speed of the servo motor can quickly respond to changes in the control signal, achieving high-speed motion.
3) High dynamic response: Servo motors can quickly respond to control signal instructions and have high dynamic response characteristics.
The working principle of servo motors relies on precise feedback control mechanisms, enabling them to achieve efficient and accurate motion control in various automation applications. The application of this technology not only improves production efficiency but also ensures product quality, making it an indispensable and important component of modern industry.
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