Servo motor is an executive component widely used in industrial automation and robotics technology. It precisely adjusts the speed, position, and acceleration through a closed-loop control system, ensuring that the mechanical equipment has high precision and efficiency during operation. The working principle of servo motor is based on feedback mechanism, usually composed of servo motor, servo controller and feedback device, which can monitor the motion status of the motor in real time and make adjustments.

1. Definition and Function: A servo motor is a device that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, and control the motor’s speed, direction, and position by receiving control signals. It can convert voltage signals into torque and speed to drive and control objects. In automatic control systems, servo motors are commonly used as actuators, with characteristics such as small electromechanical time constants and high linearity.

2. The working principle of a servo motor can be summarized as follows: input control signal → servo controller → servo motor → output motion. A servo system consists of servo motors, servo controllers, and feedback devices. It is an automatic control system that enables the output controlled variables such as the position, orientation, and status of an object to follow any changes in the input target (or given value).

Specifically, after receiving a pulse signal, the servo motor will rotate by an angle corresponding to the pulse, thereby achieving displacement. At the same time, the servo motor itself also has the function of emitting pulses. Every time it rotates an angle, it will emit a corresponding number of pulses. These pulse signals can be fed back to the servo controller for more accurate control.

3. Classification

Servo motors are mainly divided into two categories based on their working principles and application scenarios: DC servo motors and AC servo motors.

1) DC servo motor: DC servo motors are divided into brushed and brushless motors. There is a set of brushes on the rotor of a brushed DC servo motor that, through contact with the stator winding, introduce current into the motor and generate torque. Brushed motors have low cost, simple structure, large starting torque, wide speed range, and easy control, but require maintenance (such as replacing carbon brushes) and may generate electromagnetic interference. Brushless DC servo motors have the advantages of small size, light weight, high output, fast response, high speed, low inertia, smooth rotation, and stable torque. The control of brushless motors is relatively complex, but it is easy to achieve intelligence, maintenance free, highly efficient, operates at low temperatures, emits minimal electromagnetic radiation, and has a long lifespan.

2) AC servo motor: AC servo motor is also a brushless motor, divided into synchronous and asynchronous motors. But in motion control, synchronous motors are generally used. The power range of AC servo motors is wide and can achieve a large power output. It has a large inertia, a low maximum rotational speed, and rapidly decreases with increasing power, making it suitable for low-speed smooth operation applications.

4. Characteristics

Servo motors have the characteristics of high precision, high speed, and high efficiency. Its accuracy is determined by the accuracy (number of lines) of the internal encoder. At the same time, servo motors also have the characteristics of very accurate position accuracy, no self rotation phenomenon when the signal voltage is zero, and the speed decreases uniformly with the increase of torque.

5. Application Fields

Servo motors have a wide range of applications in many situations that require precise motion control, such as:

1) Industrial automation: Used for precise motion control in automation systems such as robots, conveyors, assembly lines, etc.

2) Precision instruments: used in the fields of microscopes, analytical instruments, scientific instruments, etc. for precise movement of parts.

3) Aerospace: Used to control key components such as engines and control surfaces in aircraft, satellites, rockets, and other aerospace equipment.

4) Medical equipment: used for precise motion control in medical devices such as radiation therapy equipment, surgical robots, X-ray machines, etc.

5) Automotive industry: Used in automotive steering systems, braking systems, suspension systems, and other components to improve handling and safety performance.

6) Home appliances: Used for precise motion control in household appliances such as washing machines, air conditioners, and vacuum cleaners.

7) Game entertainment: Used in devices such as game consoles and simulated driving to provide a realistic sports experience.

8) Drones/Models: Used for precise motion control on drones, model aircraft, and remote-controlled vehicles.

Servo motors have become an indispensable and important component of modern industry due to their superior performance and wide applicability. Understanding the basic concepts and working principles of servo motors will help to better apply this technology in related fields, improve production efficiency and product quality.

Our X-TEAM focuses on the supply of high-quality brushless motors, ensuring that our products are both efficient and reliable, while strictly controlling noise levels. X-TEAM offers a full range of products in the market and can customize them according to customer needs to meet diverse application requirements. With over 15 years of experience in the brushless motor industry, we have provided OEM services to many top customers in the industry. X-TEAM has established a comprehensive brushless power supply chain system and modern production lines.

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