Servo motor is one of the common driving elements in modern automation control systems and is widely used in robots, CNC machine tools, automated production lines and other fields. Its core function is to complete precision positioning tasks through precise motion control. In this article, X-TEAM will analyze the positioning principle of servo motors in detail and explore its key role in different applications.
- Basic principle
The method commonly used for servo motor positioning is closed-loop control. Closed-loop control is to compare the motor position with the target position and adjust the motor output according to the difference so that it gradually approaches the target position. Specifically, the servo motor receives the control signal and uses the internal position sensor (such as encoder or resolver) to detect the position of the motor shaft in real time, and feeds back the position data to the control system. The control system compares the preset target position with the actual position fed back by the sensor, calculates the error, and generates a corresponding control signal to adjust the motor’s operating state until the motor reaches the target position accurately.
- Key components and functions
1) Position sensor: Provides real-time feedback of the motor shaft position to ensure that the control system can accurately know the current position of the motor. Common position sensors include encoders and resolvers.
2) Controller: Receives feedback signals from the position sensor, calculates errors based on the preset target position, and then generates control signals to adjust the movement of the motor. The controller is the core of the entire positioning system, and its performance directly affects the positioning accuracy and response speed.
3) Driver: Receives the control signal output by the controller and converts it into the drive current of the motor to control the rotation of the motor. The driver needs to be able to respond to the control signal quickly and accurately control the speed and torque of the motor.
3.Positioning process
The positioning process of the servo motor usually includes the following steps:
1) Set the target position: The controller receives the target position instruction to be moved to.
2) Calculate the error: The position sensor feeds back the current actual position, and the controller calculates the error between the current position and the target position.
3) Generate control signal: The controller generates a control signal through a closed-loop control algorithm (such as PID control) based on the error size.
4) Drive the motor to move: The driver receives the control signal, adjusts the voltage and current of the motor, and drives the motor to move.
5) Real-time feedback adjustment: During the movement of the motor, the position sensor continuously feeds back the real-time position, and the controller continuously adjusts the control signal to gradually reduce the error.
6) Reach the target position: When the error is reduced to the preset tolerance range, the controller stops the drive signal and the motor is accurately positioned to the target position.
- Technical features and advantages
1) High precision: Due to the use of closed-loop control and high-precision position sensors, the servo motor can achieve high-precision positioning control.
2) High response speed: Advanced control algorithms and high-performance drivers enable the servo motor to respond quickly to control signals and achieve rapid positioning.
3) Good stability: The closed-loop control system can adjust the motor’s motion state in real time to ensure that the motor remains stable during operation.
4) Strong adaptability: The servo motor can adapt to different loads and working conditions and is widely used in various industrial automation equipment and systems.
The positioning principle of the servo motor is to use closed-loop control technology and high-precision position sensors to achieve precise positioning control of the motor. By constantly comparing the difference between the current position and the target position and adjusting the output of the motor, the servo motor can accurately stop at a specific position, providing important technical support for the field of industrial automation and precision control.
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